To edit a Note page, select the page at the Notes - Contents page.
When the page displays, click on the Edit link at the top right of the page.
The edit page will display the page text ready for you to make changes.
You specify how you want text or maths to display by adding tags to the text or math. The combination of text and tags is called markup.
Add HTML-style tags to text on a page, and LaTeX (pronounced laytek) tags to typeset mathematics on a page.
Enter text between <p> and </p> tags. For example, the markup
<p>This is a paragraph.</p> displays as:
This is a paragraph.
Enter a heading between <h> and </h> tags. For example, the markup
<h>This is a heading.</h> displays as:
Enter a large heading between <hl> and </hl> tags. For example, the markup
<hl>This is a Large Heading.</hl> displays as:
Enter bold text between <b> and </b> tags. For example, the markup
<p>Here comes some <b>bold </b> text. </p> displays as:
Here comes some bold text.
To add a blank line, type <br/> where you want the blank line.
To set a custom page break type <pb/> where you want the new page to start.
From your browser's menu, Select Print --> Print (or Save) to PDF --> Print (or Save)
This will save the note file in your browser's default Download directory.
Your browser's menu is often at the top right, at the right hand side of your browser's url bar, and indicated by several dots or horizontal bars.
Print this guide the same way.
To include images in a page, type: <p> <img>fname.jpg</img> </p>
where fname.jpg is the name of the image file.
Restrictons on image files:
To upload images from your computer, click on the Upload Image option in the Edit menu and follow the instructions.
Note that if you upload a newer version of an image file, some browsers will not display the latest version.
To fix this, clear your browswer's image cache. This is usually available under your browser's Settings menu. You can often also specify to clear only images.
There are two ways to create a new Note page.
Either
Or
The above is the least html-style markup you need to know. If you know more html tags you may be able to use them.
Enter math between \[ and \] tags.
Math tags must be inside <p> and </p> tags.
For example, the markup:
<p>Optional introductory text
\[
x = \sin \theta + 1
\]
optional closing text.</p>
displays as:
Otional introductory text \[ x = \sin \theta + 1 \] optional closing text.
The rest of this page describes the different types of math markup.
To enter a fraction, use the \frac{}{} tag. For example,
| The Markup | Displays as |
| \frac{x}{y} | \( \displaystyle{\frac{x}{y}} \) |
To enter nested fractions, use the \dfrac{}{} tag on the inner fractions. For example,
| The Markup | Displays as |
| \frac{\dfrac{1}{x} - 1}{ 1 + \dfrac{1}{x}} | \( \displaystyle{\frac{\dfrac{1}{x} - 1}{ 1 + \dfrac{1}{x}}} \) |
If you don't use \dfrac, the above would be:
| The Markup | Displays as |
| \frac{\frac{1}{x} - 1}{ 1 + \frac{1}{x}} | \( \displaystyle{\frac{\frac{1}{x} - 1}{ 1 + \frac{1}{x}}} \) |
To enter a power, use the ^ tag. For example,
| The Markup | Displays as |
| x^k | \( \displaystyle{x^k} \) |
To group terms, use {} tags. For example,
| The Markup | Displays as |
| x^{2k+1} | \( \displaystyle{x^{2k+1}} \) |
To enter a fractional power, use the \frac{}{} tag. For example,
| The Markup | Displays as |
| x^\frac{a}{b} | \( \displaystyle{x^\frac{a}{b}} \) |
You can also type the fraction inside the { } symbols. For example,
| The Markup | Displays as |
| x^{a/b} | \( \displaystyle{x^{a/b}} \) |
To enter a subscript, use the _ tag. For example,
| The Markup | Displays as |
| x_k | \( \displaystyle{x_k} \) |
To group terms, use {} tags. For example,
| The Markup | Displays as |
| x_{2k+1} | \( \displaystyle{x_{2k+1}} \) |
To enter a square root, use the \sqrt tag. For example,
| The Markup | Displays as |
| \sqrt{x+1} | \( \displaystyle{\sqrt{x+1}} \) |
For \( n^{th} \) roots, use \sqrt [n] {}. For example,
| The Markup | Displays as |
| \sqrt[3]{x+1} | \( \displaystyle{\sqrt[3]{x+1}} \) |
To enter an integration symbol, use the \int tag. For example,
| The Markup | Displays as |
| \int x dx | \( \displaystyle{\int x dx} \) |
To add integration limits, use _ and ^ tags. For example,
| The Markup | Displays as |
| \int_a^b x dx | \( \displaystyle{\int_a^b x dx} \) |
To enter a differentiation symbol, use the \frac{}{} tag. For example,
| The Markup | Displays as |
| \frac{d}{dx} x^3 | \( \displaystyle{\frac{d}{dx} x^3} \) |
For repeated derivatives, use the ^ tag. For example,
| The Markup | Displays as |
| \frac{d^2}{dx^2}(x^3) | \( \displaystyle{\frac{d^2}{dx^2}(x^3)} \) |
Relational symbols are entered as follows:
| Markup | Displays as |
| \lt | \( \lt \) |
| \le | \( \le \) |
| \gt | \( \gt \) |
| \ge | \( \ge \) |
| \ne | \( \ne \) |
| \pm | \( \pm \) |
Note that the characters < and > are only allowed as part of a tag. To get around this, see Math in Text Markup, below.
Standard functions are entered as follows
| Markup | Displays as |
| \log x | \( \log x \) |
| \log_e x | \( \log_e x \) |
| \ln x | \( \ln x \) |
| \sin x | \( \sin x \) |
| \cos x | \( \cos x \) |
| \tan x | \( \tan x \) |
| \sec x | \( \sec x \) |
| \cot x | \( \cot x \) |
There is no symbol for cosec x. Enter this with the following:
\text{cosec }x , which displays as \( \text{ cosec }x \)
Geometry symbols are:
| Markup | Displays as |
| \angle | \( \angle \) |
| \triangle | \( \triangle \) |
| \parallel | \( \parallel \) |
| \equiv | \( \equiv \) |
| ||| | \( ||| \) |
| x^o | \( x^o \) |
Greek letters are entered as follows:
| Markup | Displays as |
| \pi | \( \pi \) |
| \alpha | \( \alpha \) |
| \beta | \( \beta \) |
| \gamma | \( \gamma \) |
| \delta | \( \delta \) |
| \epsilon | \( \epsilon \) |
| \phi | \( \phi \) |
| \theta | \( \theta \) |
| \omega | \( \omega \) |
This is just a sample of the greek letters. To display one not listed here, add a \ to the spelling of the letter.
Here is markup for other symbols you may need:
| The Markup | Displays as |
| \sum \ i | \( \displaystyle{\sum \ i} \) |
| \sum_{i=0}^n \ i | \( \displaystyle{\sum_{i=0}^n \ i} \) |
| \infty | \( \displaystyle{\infty} \) |
| k \times {^nC_r} | \( \displaystyle{k \times {^nC_r}} \) |
Grouping combinatorial symbols in { and } tags will help to avoid strange results.
Because < and > are only allowed in tags, you need a way of printing these characters in text. To do this, Latex has an inline math mode that lets you mix math with text. To include math in a paragraph of text, enclose the math tags between \( and \) tags. For example, if you enter:
<p>To obtain \(y \gt 0 \) whenever \( (-2 \lt x \lt 2) \), add 2 to the result.</p>
it will display as:
To obtain \(y \gt 0 \) whenever \( (-2 \lt x \lt 2) \), add 2 to the result.
The default text style in math markup is italic. Note that Latex ignores spaces in this so if you type
this is a line of text
it will display as
thisisalineoftext
so you need to explicitly include any spacing in the text if you want to do this. A better way is to use non-italic text.
To include non-italic text, use the \text{} tag. For example, the markup
\[
x = 0 \quad \text{ whenever } \quad y \lt 2.
\]
displays as:
\[ x = 0 \quad \text{ whenever } \quad y \lt 2. \]
If you want to adjust spacing between parts of math markup, use the following:
| Markup | Result |
| \ | This is a backslash followed by a space. The result is about half an average character width of space. |
| \quad | This gives a space about the width of the letter m. |
| \qquad | This gives a space about twice the width of the letter m. |
To start a new line of math, type \\
To align equations at the = sign, use the \begin{align} tag at the start of the markup and the \end{align} tag at the end of the markup. You also need to type an & just before each equal sign as this is what the align tag looks for as the alignment point. For example, the markup
\[
\begin{align}
\int \frac{x^2}{x^3 + 8} dx &= \frac{1}{3}\int \frac{3x^2}{x^3 + 8} dx \\
&= \frac{1}{3}\log (x^3 + 8) + C
\end{align}
\]
displays as:
\[ \begin{align} \int \frac{x^2}{x^3 + 8} dx &= \frac{1}{3}\int \frac{3x^2}{x^3 + 8} dx \\ &= \frac{1}{3}\log (x^3 + 8) + C \\ \end{align} \]
However, adding a line of text in the middle of a list of equations that are surrounded by \align tags will destroy the alignment (because there is no place to put an & symbol in the text). To get around this, you need to break your markup into pieces and fake the alignment with the spacing tags. For example, the markup
<p>Some introductory text
\[ I = \int \frac{x^2}{x^3 + 8} dx \]
a line of text after the first math markup
\[ \begin{align}
\ \ &= \frac{1}{3}\int \frac{3x^2}{x^3 + 8} dx \\
&= \frac{1}{3}\log (x^3 + 8) + C \\
\end{align}\]
some closing text. <p>
displays as:
Some introductory text \[ I = \int \frac{x^2}{x^3 + 8} dx \] a line of text after the first math markup \[ \begin{align} \ \ &= \frac{1}{3}\int \frac{3x^2}{x^3 + 8} dx \\ &= \frac{1}{3}\log (x^3 + 8) + C \\ \end{align}\] some closing text.
Note the use of \ \ to align the = in the second line of math markup to the = in the first.
If you make an error in your math markup, LaTeX will let you know in two ways.
First, if you type a tag it doesn't recognise, LaTeX will display the unknown tag in red. For example, if you type:
\[ \drac{x}{y} \]
you will get:
\[ \drac{x}{y} \]
Here, \drac is not a legal tag so LaTeX highlights it and ignores the rest of the associated markup.
The second type of error is when { and } symbols don't match up. In this case LaTeX will draw a border around the whole markup to let you know. Unfortunately it doesn't tell you which tags failed to match up so you may have to search a little before you find the error. Here is an example:
\[ \frac{x}y} \]
Note that LaTeX centers this error output on the page, so concentrate on getting rid of the errors before you start worrying about aligning things on the page.
This is the least Latex you need to know. A good source to find out more about Latex is by searching on
WikiBooks LaTeX Mathematics
Note that sources on Latex are document oriented so many features described in these sources will not work on a web page.
Two additional topics may be of interest.
You can create HTML style tables. Here is an example. The markup
<table>
<tr><td>Row 1 Col 1</td><td>Row 1 Col 2</td><td>Row 1 Col 3</td></tr>
<tr><td>Row 2 Col 1</td><td>Row 2 Col 2</td><td>Row 3 Col 3</td></tr>
</table>
Displays as:
| Row 1 Col 1 | Row 1 Col 2 | Row 1 Col 3 |
| Row 2 Col 1 | Row 2 Col 2 | Row 2 Col 3 |
Some things to note about the markup:
The easiest way to create matrices in math markup is as follows. The markup
\[
\left [
\begin{array}{ccc}
a & bbb & c \\
d & e & f \\
xxx & y & z \\
\end{array} \right ]
\]
Displays as:
\[ \left [ \begin{array}{c c c} a & bbb & c \\ d & e & f \\ xxx & y & z \\ \end{array} \right ] \]
Some things to note about the markup: